Further option for chinas farmland reform(chinese translation included) :: essays research papers

Options for Further Reform in China's Farmland System from "Report of a pilot study on poverty, land abandonment and rural institutions", produced by the Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, in collaboration with the FAO Rural Development Division THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE in the setup of China's existing rural farmland system centres on ambiguity in the definition of land ownership rights. Despite stipulations in the Constitution and Land Management Law, specifying that rural land is owned by the collective, it is nevertheless unclear which of the "three levels of ownership'' in the collective -- People's Communes, production brigades and production groups - is referred to. Furthermore, even if it had designated the ownership to a certain level in the collective, the problem would again emerge from the lack of a clear scope of the collective and its membership. Added to this ambiguity in the ownership of land is the incompleteness of the principal land property right, as the State has the authority to dispose of the land, while the farmer occupies the rental income, resulting in a drain on land revenue and difficulties in land circulation. 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In fact, such issues as egalitarian occupation of land, scattered land management, instability in farmland contracts and lack of circulation or efficiency have all resulted from an ambiguous land ownership. Once the land owner is clearly defined and the principal property rights affirmed, then, the farmland's management, sale, leasing (including farmers' contracting of collective land and re-contracting of their contracted land), inheriting and disposal as gift -- all these and other matters of management and circulation would be easily resolved. 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These include the nationalization of rural farmland, reform and improvement of the existing collective ownership of rural land, private ownership of farmland as well as a system of mixed ownership. Ãâ€"à Ãƒâ€œÃƒÅ¡Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ ÃƒË†Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ãƒ ²Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒâ€"ÔÑ §ÃƒÅ Ãƒ µÃ‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€¢Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ©Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ µÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€ºÃ‚ µÃƒ £Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¢ÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¸Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ·Ãƒâ€"Ô ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒ Ãƒ ­Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ  Ãƒâ€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ »Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€ Ãƒ ¤Ãƒâ€"à Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¼Ãƒâ‚¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ€žÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ºÃƒâ€œÃƒ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¸Ãƒ Ãƒâ€" ´Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃƒâ€žÃƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¼Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚ ½ÃƒË†Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ©ÃƒÅ'à ¯Ãƒâ€¹Ãƒ ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€™Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€™Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€" »Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ãƒâ€"ÆËà ¹Ãƒâ€œÃƒ Ãƒâ€"Æ µÃƒâ€žÃƒÅ'à ¥Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¡Ã‚ £ Based on the characteristics of China's rural land resources and its people-land relationship, the direction of reform in the country's rural land system should be the quest for a form of collective public ownership characterized by a new relationship in property rights (under the precondition of the collective public ownership of land) for the purpose of enhancing the clarity in the relationship of collective land property rights.